07/31/2004
Doctorates Awarded in Science and Engineering by Citizenship Status, 1987-2002
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Science and Engineering, total |
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Year |
Total (a) |
U.S. Citizens |
Non-U.S. Citizens |
% Non-U.S. Citizens |
|
1987 |
18,523 |
12,966 |
5,557 |
30.0% |
|
1990 |
21,935 |
14,167 |
7,768 |
35.4% |
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1995 |
25,990 |
15,487 |
10,503 |
40.4% |
|
1996 |
26,456 |
15,638 |
10,818 |
40.9% |
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1997 |
25,906 |
16,116 |
9,790 |
37.8% |
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1998 |
26,033 |
16,238 |
9,795 |
37.6% |
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1999 |
24,806 |
15,914 |
8,892 |
35.8% |
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2000 |
24,766 |
15,701 |
9,065 |
36.6% |
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2001 |
24,287 |
15,055 |
9,232 |
38.0% |
|
2002 |
23,152 |
14,313 |
8,839 |
38.2% |
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Sciences, total |
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Total (a) |
U.S. Citizens |
Non-U.S. Citizens |
% Non-U.S. Citizens |
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1987 |
15,078 |
11,408 |
3,670 |
24.3% |
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1990 |
17,312 |
12,210 |
5,102 |
29.5% |
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1995 |
20,124 |
13,101 |
7,023 |
34.9% |
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1996 |
20,344 |
13,042 |
7,302 |
35.9% |
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1997 |
20,019 |
13,377 |
6,642 |
33.2% |
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1998 |
20,406 |
13,672 |
6,734 |
33.0% |
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1999 |
19,724 |
13,428 |
6,296 |
31.9% |
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2000 |
19,746 |
13,481 |
6,265 |
31.7% |
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2001 |
19,063 |
12,915 |
6,148 |
32.3% |
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2002 |
18,346 |
12,423 |
5,923 |
32.3% |
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Engineering, total |
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Total (a) |
U.S. Citizens |
Non-U.S. Citizens |
% Non-U.S. Citizens |
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1987 |
3,445 |
1,558 |
1,887 |
54.8% |
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1990 |
4,623 |
1,957 |
2,666 |
57.7% |
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1995 |
5,866 |
2,386 |
3,480 |
59.3% |
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1996 |
6,112 |
2,596 |
3,516 |
57.5% |
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1997 |
5,887 |
2,739 |
3,148 |
53.5% |
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1998 |
5,627 |
2,566 |
3,061 |
54.4% |
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1999 |
5,082 |
2,486 |
2,596 |
51.1% |
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2000 |
5,020 |
2,220 |
2,800 |
55.8% |
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2001 |
5,224 |
2,140 |
3,084 |
59.0% |
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2002 |
4,806 |
1,890 |
2,916 |
60.7% |
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a. Total for whom citizenship is known. |
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Source: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2002. |
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Doctorates Awarded in Science and |
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Engineering by Citizenship Status, 1993-2002 |
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Science and Engineering, total |
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Year |
Total (a) |
U.S. Citizens |
Non-U.S. Citizens |
% Non-U.S. Citizens |
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1987 |
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1990 |
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1993 |
24,687 |
14,933 |
9,754 |
39.50% |
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1994 |
25,708 |
15,168 |
10,540 |
41.00% |
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1995 |
25,990 |
15,487 |
10,503 |
40.40% |
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1996 |
26,456 |
15,638 |
10,818 |
40.90% |
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1997 |
25,906 |
16,116 |
9,790 |
37.80% |
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1998 |
26,033 |
16,238 |
9,795 |
37.60% |
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1999 |
24,806 |
15,914 |
8,892 |
35.80% |
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2000 |
24,766 |
15,701 |
9,065 |
36.60% |
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2001 |
24,287 |
15,055 |
9,232 |
38.00% |
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2002 |
23,152 |
14,313 |
8,839 |
38.20% |
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Sciences, total |
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Total (a) |
U.S. Citizens |
Non-U.S. Citizens |
% Non-U.S. Citizens |
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1987 |
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1990 |
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1993 |
19,206 |
12,705 |
6,501 |
33.80% |
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1994 |
20,001 |
12,951 |
7,050 |
35.20% |
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1995 |
20,124 |
13,101 |
7,023 |
34.90% |
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1996 |
20,344 |
13,042 |
7,302 |
35.90% |
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1997 |
20,019 |
13,377 |
6,642 |
33.20% |
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1998 |
20,406 |
13,672 |
6,734 |
33.00% |
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1999 |
19,724 |
13,428 |
6,296 |
31.90% |
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2000 |
19,746 |
13,481 |
6,265 |
31.70% |
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2001 |
19,063 |
12,915 |
6,148 |
32.30% |
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2002 |
18,346 |
12,423 |
5,923 |
32.30% |
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Engineering, total |
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Total (a) |
U.S. Citizens |
Non-U.S. Citizens |
% Non-U.S. Citizens |
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1987 |
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1990 |
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1993 |
5,481 |
2,228 |
3,253 |
59.40% |
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1994 |
5,707 |
2,217 |
3,490 |
61.20% |
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1995 |
5,866 |
2,386 |
3,480 |
59.30% |
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1996 |
6,112 |
2,596 |
3,516 |
57.50% |
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1997 |
5,887 |
2,739 |
3,148 |
53.50% |
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1998 |
5,627 |
2,566 |
3,061 |
54.40% |
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1999 |
5,082 |
2,486 |
2,596 |
51.10% |
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2000 |
5,020 |
2,220 |
2,800 |
55.80% |
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2001 |
5,224 |
2,140 |
3,084 |
59.00% |
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2002 |
4,806 |
1,890 |
2,916 |
60.70% |
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a. Total for whom citizenship is known. |
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Source: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2002. |
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Unemployment Rates in Science and Engineering, 1983-2002
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(Percent of Workforce Unemployed) |
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Science and |
Computer |
All U.S. |
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Year |
Engineering |
Programmers |
Workers |
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1983 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
9.9 |
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1984 |
2.1 |
1.4 |
7.4 |
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1985 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
7.0 |
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1986 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
6.9 |
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1987 |
2.2 |
3.1 |
6.2 |
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1988 |
1.8 |
3.0 |
5.5 |
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1989 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
5.2 |
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1990 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
5.7 |
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1991 |
2.6 |
3.5 |
7.2 |
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1992 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
7.9 |
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1993 |
3.5 |
2.8 |
7.2 |
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1994 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
6.2 |
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1995 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
5.6 |
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1996 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
5.4 |
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1997 |
1.5 |
1.9 |
4.9 |
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1998 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
4.4 |
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1999 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
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2000 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
3.9 |
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2001 |
2.4 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
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2002 |
3.9 |
6.5 |
5.8 |
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Source: National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators 2004, Figure 3-7. |
Edwin S. Rubenstein is President of ESR Research Economic Consultants in Indianapolis.
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