National Data | Poverty: The Immigration Dimension

By Edwin S. Rubenstein

10/02/2003

Poverty rose for the second straight year in a row, according to Census Bureau figures released last Friday (September 26). The share of the U.S. population with income below the poverty level rose to 12.1% from 11.7% in 2001. That means nearly 1.7 million more people slid into poverty in 2002, resulting in a total of 34.6 million.

The poverty story was front-page news at the Washington Post and the New York Times, top of the media food chain. But, as usual, the word "immigration" appeared nowhere in their coverage.

Yet immigration is clearly exacerbating America’s poverty problem. Its effect is felt in two ways.

First, directly: many immigrants are themselves poor, adding to the poverty population.

Second, indirectly: immigrants compete with and displace native-born Americans, driving them into poverty.

How large a direct role does immigration play? The new Census Bureau figures show:

Conclusion: well over a third (36%) of the U.S. poverty population is directly attributable to post-1965 mass immigration.

The indirect effect of immigration is harder to gauge. The Washington Post almost stumbled onto the displacement effect:

"The poverty changes in 2002 were noticeably concentrated. Poverty rates were virtually unchanged for self-identified whites, Latinos and Asians, but the portion of African-Americans in poverty rose to 24.1% from 22.7%." [Jonathan Weisman, "U.S. Incomes Fell, Poverty Rose in 2002," September 27, 2003.]

Of course, African-Americans, disproportionately low-skilled, are among the groups most likely to be displaced by the current mass immigration — which is also disproportionately low-skilled. Median household income of blacks fell 3.0% in 2002. Non-Hispanic white incomes showed no significant change.

Some conservative analysts see the latest poverty data as a welcome break from the past. They argue that the increase has not been as sharp as in past recessions.

But the "bad news is good news" crowd miss an inconvenient fact. The poverty rate fell like a rock from World War II until 1972. Then it stopped falling. Poverty reached its all-time low, 11.1%, in 1973 — thirty years ago. It’s been oscillating sideways ever since. Not even the boom of the 1990s was able to break this pattern. For the poor, the Great American Bread Machine appears to have stalled.

Why? Of course, a lot has changed since 1973. But one factor neither official nor think-tank Washington never mentions: mass immigration, unleashed after a 40-year lull by the 1965 Immigration Act.

On Friday, October 3, the unemployment numbers come out. Look hard for any discussion of the immigration dimension. Look very hard.

Then check out my column next week.

POVERTY RATES AND INCOME FOR

IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVES, 2001-2002

Change

% change

2001

2002

2001-02

2001-02

Number of Poor (1,000s)

All Persons

32,907

34,570

1,663

5.1%

Native

27,698

29,012

1,314

4.7%

Foreign Born

5,209

5,558

349

6.7%

% For. born

15.8%

16.1%

21.0%

141.2%

Hispanic

7,997

8,555

558

7.0%

Black

8,136

8,884

748

9.2%

non-Hispanic white

15,271

15,567

296

1.9%

Poverty Rate (%)

All Persons

11.7%

12.1%

0.4%

3.4%

Native

11.1%

11.5%

0.4%

3.6%

Foreign Born

16.1%

16.6%

0.5%

3.1%

Median Household Income (2002 dollars)

All Persons

$42,900

$42,409

-491

-1.1%

Native

43,600

43,222

-378

-0.9%

Foreign Born

38,552

37,979

-573

-1.5%

Foreign born as % Native

88.4%

87.9%

151.6%

171.4%

Sources: Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States: 2002, September 2003.

Census Bureau, Income in the United States: 2002, September 2003.

Edwin S. Rubenstein is President of ESR Research Economic Consultants in Indianapolis.

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