08/07/2014
From The New Republic:
The Economic Recovery, Not Gang Violence, Caused the Border Crisis By Sarah Sloat @sarahshmeeThe basic fact is that there are 5,700,000,000 people living in countries poorer than Mexico. If you let them in, they will come.This past Tuesday, Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda — an Associated Professor in the UCLA Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies — released a report arguing that there is not a sudden surge in the number of unaccompanied minors cross the border, driven by Central American violent crime — or, more specifically, that this is the wrong way to look at what’s going on at the border. Hinojosa-Ojeda has held policy research positions at the World Bank, the White House Council of Economic Advisers, InterAmerican Development Bank, and others.
Sarah Sloat: It’s been reported that numbers are going up — why do you feel that information is misleading?
Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda: Ten years ago, there were twice as many child migrants as there are now. While the number of children being apprehended at the border has increased over the last few years, the total number of apprehended children actually decreased over the last decade. According to a report published by the Congressional Research Service, 114,563 children were apprehended in 2005. Comparatively, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection claims that 47,397 children were apprehended in 2013.
SS: So why is the arrival of children at the border now being labeled a “surge”?
RHO: Before, [border authorities] never bothered to ask kids whether they were unaccompanied or not, so the change is really in the way the kids are being classified. Now, the law forces them to determine if they are unaccompanied — and lo and behold, among the kids who are apprehended, we went from 6.8 percent unaccompanied in 2005 to 82 percent in 2013. …
SS: But, despite a decline over the course of the decade, the numbers have gone up in recent years. Why?
RHO: Migration is entirely driven by the business cycle. The global recession reduced migration to the U.S.; the economic recovery has prompted migration to resume. I predict that in the next three to four years, as the economy recovers even more, there will be twice as many children coming. Immigration is like a wave function, and this current rise is entirely driven by the decline in unemployment. The unemployment rate of Latinos in the U.S. has started to go down, so immigration has started to go up, which means that there are more apprehensions of undocumented migrants.
SS: What is your response to the thinking that the children are trying to cross the border primarily to escape gang violence?
RHO: This is a humanitarian emergency, but this has actually been a chronic humanitarian emergency that is only now coming to light. Violent crime and poverty generally encourage migration, but they are not the primary forces. These countries have very different levels and patterns of violence — it’s been six years since the Honduran murder rate first peaked, why are we now seeing this number of Honduran children? Of course, gangs are an issue; having very few options and high unemployment leads to gang membership. The annual revenue of El Salvador’s two largest gangs, MS-13 and 19th Street, divided among the members, is just over $1,300 per gang member per year. Joining a gang is an effect of limited employment opportunities. But the more influential factors are economic forces and the U.S. job market.
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